![]() In addition to advanced flight training and teaching their pilots to withstand high gravitational forces, the Soviets emphasized fitness training for their cosmonaut candidates. Ham, shown here in his couch after ocean recovery. The dogs survived and lived to produce litters of puppies. This day-long mission was one of several test orbits of the Vostok hardware. launched two dogs, Belka and Strelka, into orbit in August 1960. The Soviet Union launched the dog Laika into space in November 1957 and proved it was possible to maintain life in space for at least a limited amount of time. Take a closer look at Gagarin's suit A Cosmonaut's Best Friend is His Dog Notable features include a visored helmet that is not detachable from the suit, the inflatable rubber collar for use in the event of water landing, and the bright orange nylon oversuit, which has a mirror sewn into the sleeve to help the cosmonaut locate hard-to-see switches and gauges. Take a closer look at Yuri Gagarin's training suit. The gloves of the suit also feature fingertip flashlights so that the astronaut could focus a beam of light on any given point in the cockpit. They added restraints to the shoulders so that the astronaut’s arms would not float uncontrolled while weightless. Engineers added additional buckles and pulleys to keep the suit in place for that one minute of microgravity that Shepard would experience during his flight. The suit was adapted from its original cockpit design to one that would integrate into a spacecraft, the Mercury capsule. The suit was snug-fitting and would pressurize the lower body to avoid blood pooling in the pilot’s legs. The Soviets used a modified R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) to launch Yuri Gagarin into space from Baikonur in the Kazakh Republic in 1961. Launch Vehicleīoth the Soviet Union and the United States adapted existing military ballistic missiles to launch the first humans into space. To launch humans into space, both the United States and the Soviet Union independently perfected six systems: launch vehicle, spacecraft, life support, pilot training, command and control, and recovery. ![]() NASA gave "Freedom 7" to the Smithsonian in October 1961, the first manned spacecraft accessioned into the National Collection. Shepard named the Mercury capsule he flew in "Freedom 7," the number signifying the seven Mercury astronauts NASA called the mission Mercury-Redstone 3 (MR-3). As a result of this success, NASA modified the capsule very little during the Mercury program. When failures occurred, a redundant automatic system took over, or the astronaut performed the task using manual controls. Almost all the spacecraft's systems worked well during each of the six crewed flights.
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